<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOURNAL OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">JOURNAL OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Журнал региональной и международной конкурентоспособности</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2782-1927</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">132426</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52957/2782-1927-2026-7-2-38-49</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Modern models of international competitiveness of Big Tech corporations: internal drivers versus external shocks</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Современные модели международной конкурентоспособности бигтех корпораций: внутренние драйверы против внешних шоков</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-359X</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Растворцева</surname>
       <given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Rastvortseva</surname>
       <given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>Srastvortseva@gmail.com</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Тюшкевич</surname>
       <given-names>Юлия Александровна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Tyushkevich</surname>
       <given-names>Yuliya Aleksandrovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>ytyushkevich@hse.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Салушкина</surname>
       <given-names>Злата Сергеевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Salushkina</surname>
       <given-names>Zlata Sergeevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>zssalushkina@edu.hse.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Высшая школа экономики</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-28T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>28</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-28T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>28</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>7</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>38</fpage>
   <lpage>49</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-11T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>11</day>
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>15</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://comincon.ru/en/nauka/article/132426/view">https://comincon.ru/en/nauka/article/132426/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В статье рассматриваются современные модели международной конкурентоспособности бигтех корпораций в период 2010-2025 гг. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении внутренних драйверов, обеспечивающих устойчивость технологических гигантов, а также в оценке их способности противостоять внешним шокам, включая санкции, геоэкономическую фрагментацию и изменения в регуляторной среде. Для достижения поставленной цели авторы используют комплексную методологию, объединяющую анализ финансовых показателей (выручка, рентабельность активов), рыночных характеристик (доля рынка, международное присутствие), инновационной активности (интенсивность расходов на исследования и разработки, патентная активность), а также качественных факторов, таких как сетевые эффекты, эффекты привязки пользователей к экосистеме и динамические способности компаний. Эмпирическую основу исследования составили данные Statista, IDC и Omdia о мировых поставках смартфонов ведущими производителями за период 2009–2026 гг. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что ключевыми внутренними драйверами конкурентоспособности выступают сетевые эффекты, основанные на данных, удержание пользователей посредством цифровых экосистем, контроль над стратегической инфраструктурой (центры обработки данных, производство микрочипов, подводные кабели связи), а также устойчивые инвестиции в исследования и разработки, объем которых нередко превышает государственные бюджеты целых стран. Внешние шоки, в частности санкции, введенные против Huawei, продемонстрировали уязвимость даже крупнейших участников рынка: сокращение поставок компании с 240,5 млн устройств в 2019 г. до 35 млн устройств в 2021 г. свидетельствует о критической зависимости от глобальных цепочек поставок и доступа к цифровым экосистемам (Android, Google Services). В то же время Samsung удалось сохранить устойчивые позиции (62,8 млн устройств в I квартале 2026 г.) благодаря вертикальной интеграции и диверсификации бизнеса. Сделанные выводы могут быть использованы при разработке корпоративных стратегий и государственной промышленной политики в условиях цифровой трансформации.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>This paper examines the contemporary models of international competitiveness adopted by Big Tech corporations between 2010 and 2025. The study aims to identify the internal drivers underpinning the resilience of technological giants and to assess their capacity to withstand external shocks, including sanctions, geo-economic fragmentation, and regulatory shifts. To achieve this objective, the authors employ a comprehensive methodological framework that integrates financial performance analysis (revenue, return on assets), market metrics (market share, international footprint), innovation activity (R&amp;D intensity, patenting), and qualitative attributes such as network effects, lock-in effects, and corporate dynamic capabilities. The empirical basis of the research draws on data from Statista, IDC, and Omdia concerning global smartphone shipments by key vendors from 2009 to 2026. The findings indicate that the primary internal drivers of competitiveness are data network effects, ecosystem-based user lock-in, control over strategic infrastructure (data centers, chips, submarine cables), and sustained R&amp;D investments that often exceed the national budgets of entire countries. External shocks, such as the sanctions imposed on Huawei, have laid bare the vulnerability of even the largest players: the company's shipments plummeting from 240.5 million units in 2019 to 35 million in 2021 underscores a critical dependence on global supply chains and access to digital ecosystems (Android, Google Services). At the same time, Samsung has managed to maintain a stable position (62.8 million units in Q1 2026) owing to its vertical integration and diversification. The conclusions drawn are relevant for the development of corporate strategies and state industrial policy in the context of digital transformation.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>международная конкурентоспособность; бигтех; сетевые эффекты; эффект привязки пользователей; динамические способности; цифровые экосистемы; геоэкономическая фрагментация; технологические гиганты</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>international competitiveness; Big Tech; network effects; lock-in effect; dynamic capabilities; digital ecosystems; geo-economic fragmentation</kwd>
    <kwd>technology giants</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aka, H. (2025). Tip of the iceberg: Understanding the full depth of Big Tech's contribution to U.S. innovation and competitiveness. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aka, H. (2025). Tip of the iceberg: Understanding the full depth of Big Tech's contribution to U.S. innovation and competitiveness. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruijl, G. (2026). The five forces plus model: Competitiveness in the digital, algorithmic, and geopolitical era. Management Decision. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2025-3658</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruijl, G. (2026). The five forces plus model: Competitiveness in the digital, algorithmic, and geopolitical era. Management Decision. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2025-3658</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Climent, R. C., Haftor, D. M., &amp; Staniewski, M. W. (2024). AI-enabled business models for competitive advantage. Journal of Innovation &amp; Knowledge, 9(3), Article 100532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100532</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Climent, R. C., Haftor, D. M., &amp; Staniewski, M. W. (2024). AI-enabled business models for competitive advantage. Journal of Innovation &amp; Knowledge, 9(3), Article 100532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100532</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crémer, J., Crawford, G. S., Dinielli, D., Fletcher, A., Heidhues, P., Schnitzer, M., &amp; Scott Morton, F. M. (2023). Fairness and contestability in the Digital Markets Act. Yale Journal on Regulation, 40(3), 973–1040.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crémer, J., Crawford, G. S., Dinielli, D., Fletcher, A., Heidhues, P., Schnitzer, M., &amp; Scott Morton, F. M. (2023). Fairness and contestability in the Digital Markets Act. Yale Journal on Regulation, 40(3), 973–1040.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danilin, I. (2022). Fighting Internet monopolies in China and the U.S.A. World Economy and International Relations, 66(10), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-10-73-80</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilin, I. (2022). Fighting Internet monopolies in China and the U.S.A. World Economy and International Relations, 66(10), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-10-73-80</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunning, J. H. (2000). The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity. International Business Review, 9(2), 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00035-9</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunning, J. H. (2000). The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity. International Business Review, 9(2), 163–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00035-9</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genge, E. (2017). An analysis of competitiveness of the EU countries using the dependent mixture model. Argumenta Oeconomica, 2(39), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2017.2.06</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genge, E. (2017). An analysis of competitiveness of the EU countries using the dependent mixture model. Argumenta Oeconomica, 2(39), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2017.2.06</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoang, D. V., Hien, N. T., Thang, H. V., Phuong, P. N. T., &amp; Duong, T. T. T. (2025). Digital capabilities and sustainable competitive advantages: The case of emerging market manufacturing SMEs. SAGE Open, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251329967</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoang, D. V., Hien, N. T., Thang, H. V., Phuong, P. N. T., &amp; Duong, T. T. T. (2025). Digital capabilities and sustainable competitive advantages: The case of emerging market manufacturing SMEs. SAGE Open, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251329967</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karahan, O., Ranaivoson, H., &amp; Canedo, D. (2025). Adapting Porter's five forces model to digital streaming platforms: A framework for the audiovisual ecosystem. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, (68), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2025-1682232</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karahan, O., Ranaivoson, H., &amp; Canedo, D. (2025). Adapting Porter's five forces model to digital streaming platforms: A framework for the audiovisual ecosystem. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, (68), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2025-1682232</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katz, M. L., &amp; Shapiro, C. (1985). Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 424–440.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katz, M. L., &amp; Shapiro, C. (1985). Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. The American Economic Review, 75(3), 424–440.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), 28–44.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), 28–44.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, J., Surana, A., Chavan, M., Kano, L., Schotter, A., &amp; Chirico, F. (2025). The internationalization of digital platform-based firms: A systematic literature review and directions for future research. Journal of World Business, 60, Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2025.101629</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, J., Surana, A., Chavan, M., Kano, L., Schotter, A., &amp; Chirico, F. (2025). The internationalization of digital platform-based firms: A systematic literature review and directions for future research. Journal of World Business, 60, Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2025.101629</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. Free Press.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. Free Press.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rastvortseva, S., &amp; Kameneva, E. (2024). Development of national specialization in 5G technologies within the European Union. Journal of Economic Structures, 13(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-024-00334-1</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rastvortseva, S., &amp; Kameneva, E. (2024). Development of national specialization in 5G technologies within the European Union. Journal of Economic Structures, 13(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-024-00334-1</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rochet, J.-C., &amp; Tirole, J. (2003). Platform competition in two-sided markets. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 990–1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rochet, J.-C., &amp; Tirole, J. (2003). Platform competition in two-sided markets. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 990–1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teece, D. J. (2017). Dynamic capabilities and (digital) platform lifecycles. In J. A. C. Baum &amp; J. Birkinshaw (Eds.), Advances in Strategic Management (Vol. 37, pp. 211–225). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-332220170000037008</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teece, D. J. (2017). Dynamic capabilities and (digital) platform lifecycles. In J. A. C. Baum &amp; J. Birkinshaw (Eds.), Advances in Strategic Management (Vol. 37, pp. 211–225). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-332220170000037008</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Alstyne, M. W., Parker, G. G., &amp; Choudary, S. P. (2016). Pipelines, platforms, and the new rules of strategy. Harvard Business Review, 94(4), 54–62.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Alstyne, M. W., Parker, G. G., &amp; Choudary, S. P. (2016). Pipelines, platforms, and the new rules of strategy. Harvard Business Review, 94(4), 54–62.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vokhmyanin, I. A. (2015). Konkurentsiya: Teoreticheskiye podkhody k opredeleniyu sushchnosti [Competition: Theoretical approaches to defining the essence]. Ekonomika i Sotsium, 2-1(15), 1080–1086.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vokhmyanin, I. A. (2015). Konkurentsiya: Teoreticheskiye podkhody k opredeleniyu sushchnosti [Competition: Theoretical approaches to defining the essence]. Ekonomika i Sotsium, 2-1(15), 1080–1086.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
